Deluxe Corporation Essay Example for Free

Deluxe Corporation Essay What should Singh recommend regarding: * Target bond rating * Level of flexibility * Mix of debt and equity * Other Issue As for what should Rajat Singh recommend regarding target bond rating, level of flexibility or reserves, mix of debt and equity and lastly any other issues. So, firstly look into the target bond rating, in our opinion DC needs to position itself to obtain a AAA rating. At AAA grade bond rating shows that AAA bond rating is higher in unused debt capacity so at AAA bonds rating Deluxe company has a lower unused debt capacity. So, that means if the shareholders start to sell, this company may not rebound since it is in a dying industry. The company will be an acquisition target by growing electronic payment companies because of the drops out of the premium ratings. For your information, for the level of flexibility is the amount of debt DC can take on before you lose the investment-grade bond rating. Based on the financial analysis, the B level is where the cost jumps the most. There is a 26% increase in costs from a level BBB rating to a level BB. As for mix of debt and equity, DC is targeting an aggressive share buyback plan. They are increasing their equity in the company by reducing shares. But because of the future of the company, they will also need to take on debt. Based on the financial analysis, they are better off taking on debt. Debt is cheaper for DC. Cost of debt ranges between 5. 47% to 12%, and that does not even include the 38% tax shield. Cost of equity is more expensive, it ranges from 10. 25% to 14. 25%, and there is no tax shield. Cost of debt after the tax change ranges between 3. 39% to 7. 44%. Lastly, for other issue knows today is 12 years after the case, and DC is still in business. CONCLUSION As we know, prior to the 1990s, the  Deluxe  Corporation  (DC), the world’s largest printer of checks as well as a provider of electronic products and services to financial institutions and retail companies, was characterized as a generally stable, family oriented business. This relatively calm situation was unsettled in the 1980s by deregulation of the banking industry and changes in technology. Deluxe is forced to adopt a business model and implement strategic objectives to stay alive. Therefore, based on the all the calculation and explanations, we have finally fulfilled all the statement of problems. As for the foreseen financial requirement for the coming years, which back then was the year after 2001, it shows that DC needs additional financing for working capital, capital asset purchases, possible corporate acquisitions, repayment of short-term debt, interest payments on long-term debt, dividend payments to shareholders and possible stock buybacks depending on the state of the stock they own. Moving on as for the financial flexibility of Deluxe Corporation, it can be concluded that the debt level of DC seems to be not appropriate which is only 5. 71% from the total capital. As what it stated in Ehibit 8, DC could borrow more debt since it cost of debt (Kd) is lower than its cost of equity (Ke). Besides, the minimum WACC is obtained at bond rating AAA (9. 86%) and the same goes the optimum debt level for Deluxe would borrow which is USD 807. 50M again at bond rating AAA. From there, by maintaining bond rating AAA, it can be seen that the minimum interest or total cost that DC need to bear is only USD 83. 81M. In a nutshell, again, it shows that DC can generate its fund in its lowest cost if it maintains AAA bond rating because through that type of bond rating, DC can generate funds by paying minimum cost of capital, quickly reach the breakeven point and can easily gain profit after that. However, this company has to diversify its business in order to stay around in this business world.

SCO vs. IBM :: Businesses Microsoft Essays

SCO vs. IBM Abstract On March 6, 2003, The SCO Group filed a $1 billion lawsuit [1] against IBM. The lawsuit alleges, among other things, that IBM has violated contractual obligations it has with SCO by incorporating parts of AIX (IBM’s UNIX derived operating system) into Linux – the open source version of UNIX. The lawsuit has not gone to court and, when it finally does, may take upwards of a year to settle. Nevertheless, a preliminary look is worthwhile. Since the time of the initial filing, the rhetoric has escalated and it has become clear that the ramifications of the suit are much broader than just IBM vs. SCO. SCO’s claims, should they be proven, would not only have a major impact on Linux, but could also claim other casualties – chief among them the Open Source movement. After some introductory material, this paper examines the potential effects and provides an ethical evaluation. If one assumes that SCO’s claims are valid, Linux is in serious trouble, and a black-eye will be placed on the face of the Open Source community that will not quickly heal. But, even if SCO prevails, it’s far from clear that they’ve â€Å"done the right thing†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Introduction On March 6, 2003, The SCO Group filed a $1 billion lawsuit against IBM. Central to the lawsuit is the claim that IBM has violated contractual obligations it has with SCO by releasing into the public domain AIX source code as part of enhancements the company has made to the Linux operating system. Why does SCO care? Because SCO claims to hold the copyright to the UNIX operating system [2]. AIX is a derivative of UNIX – not only is UNIX source code used as the basis for AIX but IBM (and a host of other UNIX vendors) readily admits this and pays licensing feeds to SCO. Linux, on the other hand, is open source. Its source code is freely available for usage, viewing and modification. SCO’s claim is simple – IBM is illegally distributing its intellectual property by placing it into Linux and thereby diluting the value of UNIX. Over the last few months, there have been a number of key developments that are beyond SCO and IBM’s current spat. Of particular interest: SCO stopped releasing its Linux distribution – asserting that the Linux is derived from code that is copyrighted by SCO [3].

Christian Ethics Essay

1.What is the difference between self-interest and selfishness? Why is this distinction important when considering the competitive market economy as appropriate for a society? a.Self-interest is when someone is trying to protect their interest, but they also take into account how it may affect others. Whereas selfishness is where one makes decisions based on one’s self with no regards to others. It’s important to decipher these two meanings when considering the competitive market and what may be appropriate for a society because if one is acting out based on self-interest, yes, they may be looking out for themselves, but they are also looking out for their customers. These are the type of people you can trust and want to invest your time and money into. People acting out of selfishness, figure out a way to get what they want and bail once they can’t make a profit anymore, leaving their customer in the dust. Also meaning, they’re going to be unreliable if a nd when times get tough and have no morals or obligations to the people who invest into them. 2.Does your textbook present only positive economics and avoid any normative economics? If not, give some examples of normative issues covered in your textbook. a.After reading Stapleford’s Bulls, Bears and Golden Calves, it is safe to say that any textbook for that matter doesn’t posess â€Å"only† positive economics and does in deed hold normative economics. As economist Roger Miller commented: â€Å"†¦the very choice of which topics to include in an introductory textbook involves normative economics. There is not a value-free, or objective, way to decide which topics to use in a textbook† (Stapleford, pg 43.) I decided to examine this a little further and came to find that in our Economics: Private and Public Choice by Gwartney and authors, it states in the Preface â€Å"This text addresses all of them and provides both economic analysis and empirical evidence that will enhance understanding of these critical issues†¦This thought was constantly on our minds as we revised this edition† (Gwartney, pg xix.) When I read that, personally that left the impression that these authors picked and chose what they thought was in the best interest of their students and even though they are stating the facts, they are also took into consideration when revising how it could help the reader relate to the information. 3.What did Adam Smith believe serves to curb self-interest in an economy? a.The one key thing that Smith believed controlled self-interest in the economy is competition. In one way or another, everyone has a desire for approval and it is because of this postivie judgement we seek also puts limits on our personal objectives. It is through competition amongst each other that promotes a controlled economy because it is not being run off of someone else’s personal agenda. If something appears to be hurtful or negative in the economy, then most likely it won’t succeed and people will move on to it’s compeititor. Whereas if something is highly valued and is seen as positive, chances are the business will thrive and they will be a customer for life. 4.What does it mean to seek the kingdom of God in a democratic capitalist economy? How can it be done? a.Democratic capitalism is neither the Kingdom of God nor without sin. But when we Christians seek the Kingdom of God, we seek â€Å"righteousness, peace and joy in the Holy Spirit† (Romans 14:17.) So when we seek the Kingdom of God in a democratic capitalist economy, we’re seeking to be â€Å"set free† from the temptations this earth has to offer, and focusing on the eternal life that awaits in God’s Kingdom. In order to do this though, requires us to be â€Å"enlightened† where we refocus our internal and external lives to his kingdom. â€Å"Jesus doesn’t ask us to set aside our self-interest; he just wants to keep us from making a poor investment† (Stapleford, pg 46.) References Gwartney, Stroup, Sobel, Macpherson. (2013). Economics: Private and Public Choice 14e. Mason, OH: South-Western. Stapleford, J. (2009). Bulls, Bears and Golden Calves. Madison, WI: IntraVarsity Press.

Advancement in Technology Increased the Use of Fossil Fuel

Throughout its existence, Earth has always satisfied the needs of living things. As time advanced, so did technology; which increased the use of fossil fuels, mechanics, and more of the Earth’s natural resources. Humans have left their mark in several ways such as, pollution, overpopulation, and deforestation. Though human efforts have been made to improve our ways of abuse to the earth, none could entirely secure the damage made. Pollution is, and has always been, a major issue in the world. It has affected the world on such an immense level that it is considered to be one of the main FUTURE challenges (SIKM 1). Pollution is the improper disposal of trash and waste items in an environment along with the admissions of chemicals. Though this seems like a minor situation, the disposal of trash builds up and contaminates the earth throughout time. There are 3 types of pollution; Trash (solid wastes), air/carbon, and water (occasionally noise/sound) (Uddin 1). In the past decade, pollution rates increased; some believe that it has something to do with the population rates as well. Overpopulation and the continuous population growth have contributed greatly to the earth’s human impact. Heavily overpopulated areas are considerably more corrupt because of their effects in the environment and their carelessness toward their own problems. (Cassils 2). As the numbers go up, so does the need for producing goods, the use of motorized vehicles, and the operation of buildings andShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Climate Change On Fossil Fuels1431 Words   |  6 Pageslargely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.† (Google Dictionary). Due to our dependence on fossil fuels as our main source for energy and our carbon dioxide emissions over decades, climate change has rapidly emerged on Earth. Yet, we still have those who deny any scientific evidence of the effect of the dependence on fossil fuels. Climate c hange is a threat one should not ignore but want to reverse with the transition from fossil fuels to clean energyRead MoreFossil Fuels And The Modern World1002 Words   |  5 Pagesthe modern human race’s technology uses immense amounts of energy that comes, usually, comes from fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are great in the short term for many reasons, but mostly because they are already in use for a majority of the world and they are easily accessible. Unfortunately, the great energy source that is fossil fuels is indirectly destroying the humans’ environment, earth. The burning of fossil fuels, the process where energy is harvested from fossil fuels, releases greenhouse gasesRead MoreFossil Fuels And Global Warming1552 Words   |  7 Pagesnow is facing a major disaster if our habits don’t change. Fossil fuels dominate our energy demand and at our current rate this will remain true for quite some time. The World Energy outlook claims that by 2030 84% of our en ergy demands will be fulfilled by fossil fuels (Shafiee et al, 181). It is believed that we possess the reserves to meet our demands until 2030 (Shafiee et al, 181) but the cost will increase as time goes on. Fossil fuels are a non-renewable resource, meaning that once we run outRead MoreFossil Fuels : An Essential Foundation1416 Words   |  6 Pagesthe dawn of the Industrial Revolution, fossil fuels have become an essential foundation in the innovative endeavors of mankind. Not only has it supported human advancement, but it is virtually ubiquitous in its use and its versatility provides for a strong mechanical prospect. Yet, these prehistoric sources of energy have lately been identified to be a major source of an onset against the well-being of the Earth. Because of the adverse effects of fossil fuels, the effort placed into the solutionsRead MoreRenewable Sources Of Energy Effectively Replace Fossil Fuels Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesAlternative energy Can renewable sources of energy effectively replace fossil fuels? Can renewable sourves of energy effecticely replace fossil fuels? Is the question of the century.the answer to this question could profouldly change the world, it could put us In a new era a one for the better. But due to the largest oil and gas companies exxon mobil, royal dutch shell, bp, Sinopec and bureaucracy the steps are not being taken to insure our future. The government is corrupted, State officialsRead MoreThe Is The Core Principle Behind The Consistency1372 Words   |  6 Pagesin energy today. Throughout history, various intellectuals have revolutionized the world through their creative methods of cultivating energy. In recent years, people have witnessed some of the greatest advancements and have reached unprecedented levels in technology. These technological advancements are only possible using energy sources. An energy source is a system which creates energy in a certain way. The lifestyle of the future is determined by the energy sources practiced today. Each ener gyRead MoreNuclear Technology After the World War II Essay938 Words   |  4 PagesAfter the United States developed the atomic at the end of World War II, interest in nuclear technology increased exponentially. People soon realized that nuclear technology could be used for electricity, as another alternative to fossil fuels. Today, nuclear power has its place in the world, but there is still a lot of controversy over the use of nuclear energy. Things such as the containment of radiation and few nuclear power plant accidents have given nuclear power a bad image. However, nuclearRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effect On Our Lives808 Words   |  4 Pagesnaturally, over the past 50 years the average global temperature has increased at the fastest rate in history. Scientist says that unless we curb the emission that cause climate change, average U.S temperatures could be 3 to 9 degrees higher by the end of the century. According to an analysis of climate change data, there has been 9 0-99% chances that human have led to carbon dioxide emissions resulting from burning of fossil fuel that have causes observable changes in atmospheric warming. The earthRead MoreAlternatives to Fossil Fuels Essay947 Words   |  4 PagesFossil fuels which are hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the crust, are natural resources formed by the decomposition of anaerobic buried dead organisms such as dead plants and animals. They fossilize through the exposure of heat and pressure in the Earth’s crust. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources because of the millions of years they take to be formed; prime examples are coal, natural gas and oil. When coal, natural gas and oil are burnt they release gases into the atmosphere suchRead MoreMankind Vs Mother Nature : The Battle Heats Up817 Words   |  4 Pagesnaturally, over the past 50 years the average global temperature has increased at the fastest rate in history. Scientist says that unless we curb the emission that cause climate change, average U.S temperatures could be 3 to 9 degrees higher by the end of the century. According to an analysis of climate change data, there has been 90-99% chances that human have led to carbon dioxide emissions resulting from burning of fossil fuel that have causes observable changes in atmospheric warming. The earth

Surveillance Technology And The Cold War - 1061 Words

Zach Bemben Literature of War Mrs. Rozema 11/6/17 Surveillance Technology and the Cold War Introduction and Thesis Hook: â€Å"In 1945, one major war ended and another began.†(Ushistory.org) Thesis: In the Cold War through the creation and improvement of surveillance technology such as satellite surveillance, nuclear submarines, and surveillance aircraft to give superior intelligence while being totally undetected or invulnerable from the enemy. Background paragraph â€Å"There were no direct military campaigns between the two main antagonists (in the cold war), the United States and the Soviet Union. Yet billions of dollars and millions of lives were lost in the fight.†(Ushistory.org) Previous spying techniques included flying B-52 bombers over†¦show more content†¦The top speed for the A-12 was mach 3.35 @85,000 ft. In addition, because of its tremendus speeds, it could reach a maximum operational ceiling of up to 95,000 ft blowing the U2 out of the park. It had an unrefueled range of 2500 mi and maximum sensor payload of 2500 lbs. A-12 vs SR-71 The SR-71 was later developed with slightly less aggressive stats than the A-12 however it gave an additional 1000 lbs of sensor payload and an increase of 750 mi of unrefueled range making it a more practical choice in most situations. (Barnes) Nuclear submarines helped to aid in the â€Å"cold† aspect of the war Definition of a â€Å"cold war† â€Å"intense economic, political, military, and ideological rivalry between nations, short of military conflict; sustained hostile political policies and an atmosphere of strain between opposed countries†(Dictionary.com) Gave the ability to not rely on land based ICBMs but a much more mobile and undetectable source. â€Å"Submarine design was revolutionized between 1945 and 1960. Far-reaching changes in hull design, electronic sensors, power plants, and weapons transformed the World War II submarine, a surface craft that could submerge briefly underwater, into the Cold War submarine, a fast, long-range underwater boat that rarely needed to surface at all.†(Boyne) â€Å"The threat of nuclear annihilation restrainedShow MoreRelatedMoral Panics And Media Panics2494 Words   |  10 Pagesmedia panic is a moral panic about the effects of a communications medium of technology (Class lecture: January 27, 2016). Overall, a moral panic is based upon the reaction of society from an event while a media panic is the reaction of society from a type of technology. This paper looks to examine the similarities and differences between surveillance in the government today and surveillance in the government during the Cold War. It will address the effects these events have or had on society while examiningRead MoreCensorship And The Government During The Cold War2490 Words   |  10 Pagesmedia panic is a moral panic about the effects of a communications medium of technology (Class lecture: January 27, 2016). Overall, a moral panic is based upon the reaction of society from an event while a media panic is the reaction of society from a type of technology. Th is paper looks to examine the similarities and differences between surveillance in the government today and surveillance in the government during the Cold War. It will address the effects these events have or had on society while examiningRead MoreMass Surveillance Ethics : Richard E. Morris1251 Words   |  6 Pages Mass Surveillance Ethics Richard E. Morris Excelsior College Surveillance is, in the simplest terms, monitoring or observing an individual or group. Derived from a French term meaning looking upon, it includes not only visual observation but also behavior analysis. Prominent examples of surveillance include cameras, wiretaps, GPS tracking, and packet sniffing. Observation is often seen as an expression of control. Just as being stared at for an extended period can make you uneasy and even hostileRead MoreLiterary Context Of Dystopian Literature1746 Words   |  7 Pagessociety are whisked away and dealt with, like the protagonist in this novel. 1984 is a typical dystopian novel in which Orwell explores the many issues present during the time in which he wrote this book. He successfully creates a world in which technology is vastly more sophisticated than it was during the time in which this book was written and in which fear is used as a tool to control individuals who do not conform to the social norms. The horrible and dangerous futuristic world controlled repressivelyRead MoreShould U.S.A. Use Drones to Combat Terrorism?1154 Words   |  5 Pages The CIA and the U.S. military have been using drones for more than 100 years, but only in the past 10 years the public has realized how powerful this technology is. Drones should be used to combat terrorism in Afghanistan because they are a step into the future for warfare. Drones are some of the most used technologies that are used to combat terrorism in foreign countries, and there is a reason for that. Drones are used to spy, track, and assassinate high priority terrorists. Regular ways of warfareRead MoreThe United States Should Order World Politics1485 Words   |  6 PagesWashington Rules emphasizes that the United States should order world politics. It is safe to say that since the Post-Cold War era; The United States is seen as the world’s superpower, and it is to a point where numerous countries expect us to protect them, and intervene in any situation that is not â€Å"right.† The US has taken a preemptive role on ordering the word and senses the need to help those who are not super powers in order to promote peace. America’s military remains unchallenged, spendingRead MoreMass Surveillance : A Questionable Activity Essay1052 Words   |  5 PagesMass Surveillance: A Questionable Activity On September 11, 2001 people’s eyes from all over the world were witnessing one of the most dramatic events that was broadcast live. This major terrorist attack was followed by many, and lead our governments to take drastic measures to prevent as much as possible this kind of situation to happen again. Privacy did not become the first priority for the authorities, safety was. When Edward Snowden released through media classified National Security Agency’sRead MoreBuilding A Theory Of Intelligence Systems944 Words   |  4 PagesBy adapting or altering the technology of an intelligence system, a state is better able to confront the challenges posed by other states. Michael Warner’s chapter â€Å"Building a Theory of Intelligence Systems† in National Intelligence Systems focuses on how three independent variables – strategy, regime, and technology – drive intelligence systems. Clarence E. Smith’s chapter, the â€Å"CIA’s Analysi s of Soviet Science and Technology† in the Watching the Bear, is an example of how a change in one componentRead MoreSpying From Space For A Long Time1346 Words   |  6 Pagesthe main security threat to the United States and many other countries. In response, the US government has extended surveillance to new heights where it uses satellites launched to collect images that track the movement of terrorists. However, most of the terrorist activities take place through the internet and also on social media. As such, the government has extended surveillance in the international internet traffic. Moreover, claims of intercepting calls and emails continue to dominate the mediaRead MoreThe End Of The Second World War1130 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Second World War. During this era, alliances such as the Axis or Allied Powers were able to communicate their battle plans by sending messages to one another using certain codes. As an Allied Power, the United States formed the Single Se curity Agency to divert and interpret Axis Power communications; this is also referred to as code breaking (History Chanel 1). The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor brought an end to the Single Security Agency. However, by the end of World War II in 1949, America

Essay on Colin M. Turnbull’s Book the Forest People Analysis

In Colin M. Turnbull’s book The Forest People there were many examples of theoretical approaches that he describes that the Pygmies use to maintain there social order. One of the elements that I noticed the most was interpretive or symbolic anthropology. In this book, Turnbull showed that in Pygmy society your social status and economic well-being are heavily dependent on the acceptance and respect you receive from other members of the community. Turnbull used interpretive/ symbolic anthropology to try to uncover and interpret the deep emotional and psychological structure of their society. Turnbull went under the experience of being a member of this specific culture and made that experience available to the reader. In chapter five, The†¦show more content†¦Turnbull is not actually along on the hunt, and he becomes aware of trouble as the hunters begin to drift back into camp. The men are angry and silent, while the women complain loudly, swearing at each other, their husbands, and most of all, at Cephu. One of the men, Kenge, begins to complain about Cephu in a loud voice. Cephu is an impotent old fool. No, he isn’t, he is an impotent old animal--we have treated him like a man long enough; now we should treat him like an animal. Animal!(104) The rest of the hunters, including Cephu, arrive and Cephu goes to his own camp, on the edge of the larger camp. One hunter calls out that Cephu has disgraced them all and that they should break camp and abandon the hunt. Another announces that he wants everyone to come to the kumamolimo(a kind of council) at once, even Cephu. Cephu is called over: Animal there! Animal there! Come at once, you, you animal!(105) Disrespectively, the youngster s are laughing loudly, and when Cephu arrives, everyone ignores him; not even one of the youths will surrender him a place to sit. He is told: Animals lie on the ground.(105) Soon after Manyalibo gives a lengthy statement about the common good and Cephus many faults. Cephu tries to defend himself, but is shouted down. Ekianga says he hopes Cephu will fall on his spear and kill himself like the animal he is. Who but an animal would steal meat from the others? Cries of rage from everybody and Cephu bursts into tears. He claims he had lost

Adhd Essay Introduction Example For Students

Adhd Essay Introduction ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) is like living in a fast moving kaleidoscope where sounds, images and thoughts are constantly shifting. (NIMH-ADHD) ADHD can be very frustrating and difficult for children. Medication and treatment are available and have been proven effective. Parents can also get frustrated and they could do something wrong. ADHD is effectively treated with medication and therapy. There are three basic types of ADHD. They are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. (NIMH-ADHD) A child may have one, any combination of two or even all three of these types. If a child has a hard time keeping their mind on one thing or if they get bored easy they have a type of ADHD that is called inattention. If the child has hyperactivity ADHD, they are always moving, cant sit still, and talk incessantly. They squirm in their seat or pace around the room. If the child has impulsive ADHD they are unable to think before they do something. They might run out into the s treet without looking, or blurt out something completely inappropriate. Parents must understand that everyone shows signs of ADHD at times, so the DMS (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) has a specific guideline for determining ADHD. (Aschenbrenner, Diane S.) Showing signs of ADHD could mean the child is suffering from chronic fear of mild seizures. If the child has problems in school it could mean one of three things. One is the child actually has ADHD. The child has trouble paying attention and may get frustrated with school. Two, the child does not have ADHD the child is just bored with the subject because of the ease of it and therefore shows signs of ADHD. Or three, the child again does not have ADHD, but is having trouble because they are just not developmentally ready for the material. There is no direct link from ADHD to bad parenting or inadequate home-life. Although, if the child does have ADHD, good parenting and support is necessary. Bad parents only make things more difficult for both the children and the parents. Parents often ask, What did I do wrong? but in fact the question is often times irrelevant. Scientists have learned a lot about ADHD in the past decade. They have determined things that do not cause ADHD that people usually blame right away. They are too much television, food allergies, excess sugar, poor home-life, and poor schools. Scientists have evidence that ADHD comes from biological causes and not by home environment. Scientists believed, for a while, that ADHD was caused by minor head injury. Although some children who had ADHD have had head injury, not all did, so that theory was disproved quickly. (Attention Deficit Disorder Association) The NIMH (National Institute of Mental Health) linked a persons ability to pay attention to the level of brain activity. (Attention Deficit Disorder Association)Now that the scientists sort of know what causes the disorder, they can treat it. There are many programs and met hods out there to help children with ADHD and their parents. Parents must realize that, Medication alone is not the answer, research has shown that the most effective treatment and management of ADHD is a combination of medication and behavior modification programs or therapy. (About ADD) This is the most important statement an ADHD parent could hear. The type of drugs used are called stimulants or psychostimulants, they are both the same. Stimulant medications are used to control the symptoms of ADHD. They are not used to control behaviors. (About ADD) What they do is Alter the level of neurotransmitters in the brain. (Attention Deficit Disorder Association) They were first used in 1937. Effects of stimulant medications usually take effect right away. A common stimulant medication is Ritalin. People thought that was an addictive drug. In fact stimulant medications do not cause dependence. (Attention Deficit Disorder Association) People diagnosed with ADHD, who were properly treated with stimulant medications such as Ritalin, have lower risks of developing problems with alcohol and other drugs than the general public. (Attention Deficit Disorder Association) Stimulant drugs actually help out in other ways than helping them focus and reduce hyperactivity. They also improve physical coordination, such as handwriting and ability in sports. (Attention Deficit Disorder Association) Stimulant drugs other than Ritalin are Adderall, Dexedrine, and Cylert. The problem with any stimulant drug is that the child only gets beneficial effects from the drug for a short time, like three months. Then the child needs to switch to another drug. Its hard to keep up with the medication, they change so often and are sometimes worse. (Parent of ADHD child) The most common drug, Ritalin, usually lasts all day but is only effective for a shorter overall time, like two months. (About ADD) The other drugs, Adderall, Dexedrine, and Cylert usually last a longer overall period of time, lik e four to five months, but must be taken more often. For example, two children could have ADHD and one is given Ritalin that the child only has to take once a day but the will have to change the medication after one or two months. The other child could be given Dexedrine, and that child would have to take it two or three times a day but it would have beneficial effects for four to five months. Of course, as with any drug, there are side effects. Parents must keep in mind though, that these side effects are very rare. Most kids taking a stimulant drug dont experience any ill effects. (Aschenbrenner, Diane S.) Some rare side effects are sleep difficulties, stomachaches, headaches, appetite reduction, drowsiness, irritability, nervousness, hallucinations, and bizarre behavior. (About ADD) Getting him to eat is difficult because the medication just depletes his appetite. (Parent of ADHD child) That is one side effect that Andrew experiences. That is not much though when you consider wha t he is like with out taking the medication at all. Andrew also goes to therapy. That helps a lot. ADHD children really do need a combination of therapy and medication. Having ADHD can mar the persons relationship with others. ADHD can disrupt daily life consume energy, and lower self-esteem. (NIMH-ADHD) All of these are reasons why someone with ADHD should go to therapy. They help the child understand what is happening to them and how to control it. Whereas the medication just reduces symptoms. It is possible that we will pinpoint the biological basis of ADHD and learn how to treat it even more effectively or even prevent the disorder from happening. (NIMH-ADHD) This would be a huge breakthrough in medical science. ADHD effects about three to five percent of children. That is about one child per classroom. (NIMH-ADHD) ADHD effects two to three times more males than females. (NIMH-ADHD) Which brings up the point, how do they transition to living on their own. ADHD usually continues into adolescence and adulthood. I dont know how Im going to handle him in the future. (Parent of ADHD child) Going from adolescence to adulthood is a hard transition for many people even without ADHD. Many people go through counseling. So kids with ADHD must make the change as gradual as possible. They should continue therapy even after they live on their own. They should talk to their doctor about continuing medication. It is very important that an ADHD child does this because it would be rough if they did not continue to seek therapy. ADHD is a life complicating disorder. It would be easier if no body had to suffer though this horrible disorder, but until they figure that out they do. However people with this disorder can be successfully be treated with a combination of medication and good therapy. A set of good parents helps too. People with bad parents are worse off in life in general. 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